درس الظرف في اللغة الانجليزية

الظرف في اللغة الانجليزية Adverbs



الظرف : كلمة لها وظائف كثيره ومتعدده وقد تتعلق بالزمان , المكان والحال ... الخ وهي تشكل القسم الرابع من اقسام الكلام , حيث انها ترتبط ارتباطاُ قوياً بالصفات , لان معظم الظروف يتم اشتقاقها من الصفات بأضافة اللاحقه (ly) الى نهاية الصفة . والعبارة الظرفيه قد تُشير الى مايلي :



Those flowers grow quickly, don’t they?
الحال
Manner





Sign here please.
المكان
Place





He came very early.
الزمان
Time





No, I’m not staying there permanently.
الفتره الزمنيه
Duration





I often go and see them.
عدد المرت
Frequency





I was great relieved when we were finally rid of her.
درجة الحدوث
Degree





I stupidly forgot to mention the meeting to him.
الاحكام والتعليقات
Evaluative





I personally don’t think you would hate it, Ali.
وجهة نطر
Viewpoint







انواع الظروف



توجد اربعة انواع من الظروف هي كالتالي :



· الظروف المشتقه من الصفات بأضافة ( ly )

· الظروف التي لها نفس شكل الصفات , اي ثابته لا تتغير

· الظروف التي تستخدم مع زمن المضارع

· الظروف التي ليس لها شكل مماثل للصفات





الظروف التي تستخدم مع زمن المضارع
الظروف التي لها نفس شكل الصفات
الظروف التي يتم اشتقاقها من الصفات بأضافة (ly)



generally
fast
bad – badly

always
daily
easy – easily

usually
hard
heavy – heavily

sometimes
fast
real – really

often
long
sad – sadly

seldom
low
Careful – carefully

normally
late
Final – finally

occasionally
early
Polite – politely





الظروف التي يتم اشتقاقها من الصفات بأضافة (ly)



قواعد اشتقاقها



· الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( y ) واﻟ ( y ) مسبوقاً بحرف صحيح , يحذف اﻟ ( y ) ويضاف (ily) الى الصفة لتحويلها الى ظرف مثل ...





easily
easy



luckily
lucky



happily
happy

· ولكن هناك استثناءات مثل ...



shyly
shy



dryly
dry



· الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( le ) فعند تحويلها الى ظرف , يحذف ( le ) ويضاف ( ly ) اليها مثل ...





possibly
possible



probably
probable



terribly
terrible



wholly
whole



· بعض الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( e ) ,فعند تحويلها الى ظروف يبقى اﻟ ( e ) ويضاف (ly) الى نهايتها كما في الامثلة التالية ...





actively
active



bravely
brave



politely
polite



· بعض الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( ue ) ,فعند تحويلها الى ظروف يحذف اﻟ ( e ) ويضاف (ly) الى نهايتها كما في الامثلة التالية ...

duly
due



truly
true



· بعض الصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ ( ic ) ,فعند تحويلها الى ظروف , يضاف لها (ally) الى نهايتها

والصفات التي تنتهي ﺑ (ical) يضاف اليها فقط ( ly ) كما في الامثلة التالية ...





automatically
automatic



basically
basic



economically
economic



economically
economical



energetically
energetic



fantastically
fantastic



historically
historic



historically
historical



scientifically
scientific



electrically
electrical



heroically
heroic



· ولكن هناك استثناءات مثل ...
publicly
public



· اخيراً , هذه مجموعه من الامثلة ستساعدك على فهم الظروف المشتقه ﺑ ( ly ) .



Larry always washes his car very carefully.

Finally we found the address we were looking for.

Donna proudly showed us her new home page.

I want to get this over and done with as quickly as possible.

It’s fairly obvious that the two leaders met secretly for peace talks last week.



ملاحظات هامه



· بعض الظروف يتم اشتقاقها من التصريف الثالث للفعل (Past Participle) بأضافة ( ly )الى نهاية الفعل كما في الامثلة التالية ....




markedly
marked


allegedly
alleged


assuredly
assured


undeservedly
undeserved



· بعض الظروف يتم اشتقاقها بأضافة بعض اللواحق الخاصه اليها وهي كالتالي ...



Backwards , downwards , forwards ,upwards
–wards

sideways
–ways

clockwise
–wise

European – style , cowboy – style (اسلوب حياة)
–style

Chinese – fashion , schoolboy – fashion
–fashion





الظروف التي لها نفس شكل الصفات (اي ثابته لا تتغير)



وهي الكلمات التي تستعمل كصفات وظروف في نفس الوقت , حيث لها نفس الشكل مثل ...



الظرف (Adverb)
الصفة (Adjective)



I bought it cheap.
This is a cheap book.

We meet daily (weekly…etc)
Is this a daily paper?

I got up vary early
I took an early train.

He came home late.
We had a late dinner.

Have you come far?
The far end of the park.

She drives too fast.
This is a fast car.

He worked hard all his life.
Mr. Pearson a hard worker.

Will you please sit still?
It was still evening in April.

I’m sorry it took so long.
We went on a long journey.

We flew low over the hills.
The man spoke in a low voice.

The time draws near when we must go.
The play was a near success.

We went straight home.
Give me a straight answer.

الظروف التي تستخدم مع زمن المضارع



هذا النوع من الظروف يذكر عادة بين الفاعل والفعل الرئيسي وغالباً ما يستعمل مع الزمن المضارع

مثل ...



· A man often chooses a wife who is like his mother.

· We always wash our hands before dinner.

· I usually have a walk in the evening.

· I often go and see them.

· We sometimes visit the museum.





الظروف التي ليس لها شكل مماثل للصفات



بعض الصفات مثل (friendly , impossible , lively ) لا توجد لها ظروف مماثله , لذا تستخدم بطريقه اخرى كما في الامثلة التالية...



الظرف
الصفة



She answered in a friendly way.
She wrote a friendly answer.

He spoke in a lively manner.
We had a lively discussion.

Not possibly (or) impossibly
impossible





استعمالات الظروف



· يستعمل الظرف لوصف الفعل مثل ...

· She drives carefully.

· She answered rudely.

· He writes well.

· He act badly.

· We miss you terribly.

· She runs quickly.



· يستعمل الظرف لوصف الصفة مثل ...

· This is perfectly true.

· It’s awfully nice of you to call.

· I was completely wrong.

· The answer was dreadfully stupid.

· The mountain is dangerously steep.

· He is completely crazy.



· يستعمل الظرف لوصف ظرف اخر مثل ...

· She writes extremely well.

· He speaks awfully slowly.

· The business in Holland went remarkably smoothly.

· She’d worked extremely hard.

· She sings incredibly beautifully.

· It seems to affect different people completely differently.



· يمكن للظرف ان يصف عبارة اسميه , عباره كامله او حتى جملة كامله مثل ...



· Only someone very stupid would say that. (عبارة اسميه)

· We’ve got our silver wedding soon, so we’re planning a few days away.

· Frankly, when he smiles, it terrifies me. (جملة كامله)

· Luckily, I’d read the book before so I knew what it was.





بعض الظروف تأخذ شكلين ﺑ ( ly ) او بدون ( ly )



ظــــروف مـــع (ly)
ظــــروف بـــدون (ly)



The audience laughed loudly.
I read the article out loud.

She speaks loudly.
Read aloud.

They are closely related.
Don’t come too close.

We easily beat our opponents.
Take it easy, man!

I hardly believed it.
She worked hard.

I was highly amused.
He played high and lost a fortune.

She’s not been well lately.
We arrived late.

He’s lowly paid.
They searched high and low.

The train is nearly full.
She lives quite near.

He’s rightly upset.
We’ll do it right now. (right away)

I’ll be back shortly.
He stopped short.

He was wrongly accused.
My name’s spelt wrong.

He came home directly after the match.
They went direct to Seattle.

الظروف كأجوبة قصيرة



تستخدم الظروف كردود واجوبه قصيره لبعض الحورات , كما في الامثلة التاليه ...



A: That’s a fair comment, isn’t it?

B: Absolutely. (بالتاكيد)



A: It’s more for the kids, isn’t it?

B: You think so?

C: Yeah, definitely. (بالتاكيد)





A: He might have been away at the time.

B: Well, possibly. (من المحتمل)





A: Didn’t you think it was just a joke?

B: Yeah, probably. (من المحتمل)





A: She’s obviously going to tear it up and throw it in the bin.

B: Precisely. (بالضبط)





A: Well, you wear a little black dress to clubs or to a party.

B: Yeah, exactly. (بالضبط)





A: Not easy, mind you, accommodating everything in our bedroom. (الاسكان)

B: Well, yes, quite





A: Have you been in smaller classes before?

B: Not really.(ليس حقاً , في الواقع لا) (شائعه جداً)





To a waiter ( الى النادل)

A: Can I have the bill please? (قائمة الحساب)

B: Certainly (بالتاكيد)





A: it’s hot in here.

B: Yes, very





A: She’s a very bright kid. (طفل ذكي)

B: She is, yes, incredibly. ( بشكل لا يصدق)



درجات المقارنه للظروف



يتم مقارنة الظروف بنفس الطريقة التي تعلمناها مع الصفات ( راجع درس درجات المقارنه)

وهذا مثال على ذلك ...



Superlative
Comparative
Positive



the fastest
faster
fast

the hardest
harder
hard

the soonest
sooner
soon

the most carefully
more carefully
carefully

the most quickly
more quickly
quickly

the most slowly
more slowly
slowly

the worst
worse
badly

the best
better
well

the latest , last
later
late